Effect of Coffee Essay

Abstract The present study was undertaken to guess the use of earth cook coffee (Coffee Arabica GRC) as a natural feed additive in practical tip sustenances and its stir on ontogeny, feed employment, biochemical variables, and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L. ). Ground roasted coffee was added to the ingredients of tested diets to found 0. 0 (control), 0. 5, 1. 0, 2. 0, or 5. 0 g/kg diet. tip (1. 9 0. 03 g) were distri howevered to various treatments at a place of 20 slant per 80-L aquarium and fed one of the experimental diets for 10 hebdomads.No growth-promoting influences of GRC were observe however, the optimum fish growth and feed physical exertion were obtained at 0. 0 1. 0 g GRC/kg diet. The inclusion of GRC in fish diet over 1. 0 g/kg diet decreased fish growth, feed white plague, and the protein contents in fish body. The highest lipids and ash contents were obtained at 5. 0 g GRC/kg diet. Glucose, plasma protein, and plasma lipid s decreased importantly, stave aspartate ami nonransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and creatinine ontogenyd significantly in fish fed 5. 0 g GRC/kg diet. Fish option (93. 3 97.8%) was not affect by GRC inclusion in fish diets. These results indicate that GRC supplement is not a shiny growth stimulant for Nile tilapia. Keywords Nile tilapia, institute roasted coffee, Coffee Arabica, fish growth, feed recitation, body composition, biochemical variables, fish health. INTRODUCTION Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L. ) is one of the most popular species in Egypt and worldwide (El-Sayed, 2006).As the regular use of antibiotics and chemicals as preventative and curative measures for di sease leads to drug-resistant bacteria and harmful effect on the environment (Teuber, 2001 Bachere, 2003 Hermann et al., 2003), alternatives to antibiotics and chemicals to improve the look and sustainability of aquaculture production attain been seen as desirable (Meunpol et al . , 2003 Vaseeharan and Ramasamy, 2003 Li et al. , 2006). Medicinal plants have been used as immune-stimulants for mankind in China and old civilization for thousands years (Tan and Vanitha, 2004).These plants contain many types of active components such as polysaccharides, alkaloids, or flavonoids that have immuno-stimulating activities in mice, chickens, or human cell lines (Cao and Lin, 2003 Lin and Zhang, 2004).The use of healthful plants as immuno-stimulants in fish diets has been considered (Abdel-Tawwab et al. , 2010 Ahmad and Abdel-Tawwab 2011 Ahmad et al. in press). Many studies have been conducted on using coffee build in fish diets and they found adverse effects of coffee pulp on fish growth and feed utilization (Fagbenro and Arowosoge, 1991 Moreau et al. , 2003 Ulloa and Verreth, 2003 Chatzifotis et al. , 2008). Some other studies reported that coffee shows an antioxidant activity because it contains many substances like caffeine, cafestol, kahweol, and chlorogenic a cids (Pellegrini et al., 2003 Vinson et al. , 2005).Due to the abundance of antioxidant compounds in coffee, these agents must be seriously considered when elucidating potential pharmacological effects of coffee consumption. Therefore, the present research aims to evaluate the effect of ground roasted coffee (GRC) supplementation on growth, feed might, feed consumption, biochemical variables, and proximate composition of Nile tilapia, O. niloticus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish culture and victuals regime Ground roasted coffee (Coffee Arabica GRC) was obtained from the local market. quintet distinguishable diets containing 0. 0, 0.5, 1. 0, 2. 0 and 5. 0 g GRC/kg diet were formulated. The dietetic ingredients were thoroughly mixed and moistened by the addition of 100 ml warm water per kg diet and then made into pellets by a mincing machine. The pellets were cut into shape manu ally, dried in an oven at 55 oC till ceaseless weight was obtained and stored in a freezer at -2 oC unt il use. Nile tilapia, O. niloticus were obtained from fish hatchery, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abbassa, abo-Hammad, Sharqia, Egypt. Before starting line the experiment, fish were acclimated and hand-fed to app arent satiation twice a day for 2 weeks.For the experiment, 15 80-L aquaria were used and oxygenated to fecundation by air pumps. In each aquarium, 20 haphazard distributed fish (1. 9 0. 03 g) were stocked. The tested diets were administered to vanadium fish groups with three replicates per each. Fish were hand-fed for satiation thrice daily 5 days a week for 10 weeks. Settled fish wastes along with three-quarter of aquariums water were siphoned daily. Siphoned water was replaced by mediocre and ae graded water from a storage tank. Average weight per aquarium was assessed every 2 weeks by group-weighing all fish. Fish were starved for a day before weighing.Fish growth and feed utilization At the end of the experiment, fish per each aquarium were harve sted, counted, and weighed. Fish growth and feed utilization variables were reckon as follows Weight gain (g) = final weight initial weight Specific growth rate (SGR %/day) = 100 (Ln final weight Ln initial weight) / days Feed conversion proportion (FCR) = feed uptake (g) / weight gain (g) Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = weight gain (g) / protein intake (g) Fat efficiency ratio (FER) = weight gain (g) / fat intake (g) Energy utilization (EU %) = 100 x ( skill gain / brawn intake).Chemical analysis of diets and fish The proximate chemical analyses of the tested diets and fish samples were done for moisture, crude protein, complete lipids, and total ash according to the standard methods of AOAC (1990). Moisture content was estimated by drying the samples to constant weight at 95 oC in drying oven (GCA, model 18EM, Precision Scientific group, Chicago, Illinois, USA). Nitrogen content was measured using a microkjeldahl apparatus (Labconco, Labconco Corporation, Kansas, Missouri, USA) and crude protein was estimated by multiplying nitrogen content by 6.25. Lipid content was determined by ether extraction in multi-unit extraction Soxhlet apparatus (Lab-Line Instruments, Inc. , Melrose Park, Illinois, USA) for 16 hours. Total ash was determined by combusting dry samples in a muffle furnace (Thermolyne Corporation, Dubuque, Iowa, USA) at 550 oC for 6 hours. Biochemical measurements At the end of the 10-week feeding trial, feed was withhold 24 hour immediately prior to sampling and five fish per aquaria were randomly chosen and anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfate (20 mg/L).Blood samples were collected from the caudal vessel and the extracted blood was collected in Eppendorf tubes contained d U sodium heparinate/mL used as an anticoagulant. The collected plasma was stored at 20 oC for foster assays. Blood glucose, plasma total protein, plasma total lipids, and plasma creatinine were calorimetrically determined according to Trinder (1969), henry (1964), Joseph et al. (1972), and Henry (1974), respectively. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in plasma were determined colorimetrically according to Reitman and Frankel (1957).Statistical analysis The obtained data were subjected to unidirectional ANOVA to evaluate the effect of GRC supplementation. Differences between means were tested at the 5% probability direct using Duncan test. All the statistical analyses were done using SPSS program version 10 (SPSS, Richmond, VA, USA) as expound by Dytham (1999). RESULTS In the present study, fish grow gradually by time in all treatments (Figure 1). Final fish weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were not significantly (P 0. 05) affected with the increase in GRC levels up to 1. 0 g/kg after which growth declined ( evade 1).The lowest fish growth was obtained at 2. 0 5. 0 g GRC/kg diet. Moreover, fish fed on diets containing 2. 0 and 5. 0 g GRC/kg consumed less diet than the other tr eatments giving the highest FCR (1. 4 and 1. 5, respectively). Meanwhile, fish fed on 0. 0 1. 0 GRC/kg diet consumed approximately the aforementioned(prenominal) feed amount giving the identical FCR (1. 3 Table 2). Table 1. addition performance and survival of Nile tilapia fed different levels of ground roasted coffee (GRC) for 10 weeks. GRC levels Initial weight Final weight Weight gain SGR Fish survival (g/kg diet) (g) (g) (g) (%/day) (%) 0.0 1. 90. 03 14. 50. 35 a 12. 60. 38 a 2. 900. 059 a 95. 64. 43 0. 5 1. 90. 01 14. 50. 55 a 12. 60. 55 a 2. 900. 052 a 95. 52. 23 1. 0 1. 90. 01 14. 00. 58 ab 12. 10. 58 ab 2. 850. 058 ab 97. 82. 23 2. 0 1. 90. 03 12. 50. 55 bc 10. 60. 52 bc 2. 690. 043 bc 93. 33. 84 5. 0 1. 90. 03 11. 20. 36 c 9. 30. 38 c 2. 530. 066 c 95. 64. 43 Means having the same letter in the same column are significantly differed at P 0. 05. Fish pic growth (g) Weeks Figure 1.The weight of Nile tilapia (g) fed different levels of ground roasted coffee (GR C) for 10 weeks. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in fat efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and energy utilization at 0. 0 1. 0 GRC/kg diet levels and the lowest values of these parameters were obtained when fish fed 2. 0 5. 0 g GRC/kg diet (Table 2). On the other hand, fish survival range was 93. 3 97. 8% with no significant difference (P 0. 05) among the different treatments. Table 2. Feed utilization by Nile tilapia fed different levels of ground roasted coffee (GRC) for 10 weeks.GRC levels Feed intake FCR Fat efficiency ratio Protein efficiency Energy utilization (%) (g/kg diet) (g feed/fish) ratio 0. 0 16. 00. 88 a 1. 30. 033 b 10. 500. 876 a 2. 860. 238 a 32. 01. 271 ab 0. 5 16. 00. 44 a 1. 30. 058 b 10. 080. 123 a 2. 860. 033 a 32. 82. 119 a 1. 0 16. 10. 44 a 1. 30. 033 b 9. 450. 568 ab 2. 740. 154 ab 31. 42. 227 ab 2. 0 14. 70. 78 b 1. 40. 033 ab 9. 220. 108 b 2. 620. 027 b 30. 11. 266 bc 5. 0 14. 00. 58 b 1. 50. 058 a 8. 380. 390 c 2. 390. 106 c 28. 50. 203 c .Means having the same letter in the same column are significantly differed at P 0. 05. The GRC supplementation in the present study significantly affected the social unit-fish body constituents except moisture content, which did not vary significantly (P 0. 05 Table 3). The protein content decreased significantly, meanwhile lipid and ash contents increased significantly by increasing GRC levels.The lowest protein (15. 1%), the highest lipids (9. 7%) and the highest ash (3. 8%) contents were obtained at 5. 0 GRC/kg diets. In addition, fish fed the control diet exhibited the highest protein (61.4%) and the lowest lipid (25. 5%) contents (Table 3). Table 3. Proximate composition of whole-body (% on fresh weight basis) of Nile tilapia fed different levels of ground roasted coffee (GRC) for 10 weeks. GRC levels Moisture Crude protein Total lipid Total ash (g/kg diet) 0. 0 72. 30. 31 17. 20. 29 a 7. 10. 03 c 3. 20. 09 b 0. 5 71. 80. 28 16. 90. 17 a 7 . 70. 19 bc 3. 20. 07 b 1. 0 72. 00. 27 16. 40. 18 a 8. 00. 16 b 3. 30. 13 b 2. 0 72. 10. 87 16. 50. 53 a 8. 10. 26 b 3. 20. 17 b 5. 0 71. 70. 41 15. 10. 30 b 9. 70. 15 a 3. 80.21 a Means having the same letter in the same column are significantly differed at P 0. 05. The biochemical variables were significantly affected by GRC supplementation (P 0. 05 Tables 4 and 5). The inclusion of 0. 5 5. 0 g/kg diet of dietary GRC resulted in significant decreases in glucose, plasma protein and plasma lipids, whereas the highest values of above parameters were obtained with fish fed the control diet (Table 4). Contrarily, AST, ALT, and creatinine values increased significantly with increasing GRC levels and the highest values of these parameters were obtained with fish fed 5.0 g GRC/kg (Table 5). Fish fed on the control diets exhibited the lowest values. Table 4. Changes in glucose, plasma protein, and plasma lipids in Nile tilapia fed different levels of ground roasted coffee (GRC) for 10 weeks. GRC levels Glucose (mg/dL) Protein (g/dL) Lipids (g/dL) (g/kg diet) 0. 0 67. 531. 362 a 1. 770. 057 a 2. 690. 167 a 0. 5 55. 231. 468 b 1. 630. 064 b 1. 610. 067 b 1. 0 55. 422. 669 b 1. 600. 061 b 1. 570. 083 b 2. 0 52. 634. 435 b 1. 510. 021 b 1. 530. 035 b 5. 0 50. 231. 386 b 1. 370. 056 c 1. 420. 059 c .Means having the same letter in the same column are significantly differed at P 0. 05. Table 5. Changes in AST, ALT, and creatinine in plasma of Nile tilapia fed different levels of ground roasted coffee (GRC) for 10 weeks. GRC levels AST (mg/dL) ALT (mg/dL) Creatinine (mg/dL) (g/kg diet) 0. 0 52. 572. 919 d 22. 602. 023 d 0. 2520. 0147 d 0. 5 63. 602. 386 c 37. 233. 187 c 0. 3280. 0117 c 1. 0 76. 902. 312 b 45. 204. 046 bc 0. 3860. 0684 b 2. 0 80. 132. 440 b 48. 465. 017 b 0. 3930. 0392 b 5. 0 97. 105. 103 a 59. 301. 350 a 0. 4670. 0304 a .Means having the same letter in the same column are significantly differed at P 0. 05. DISCUSSION The present study showed that GRC adversely affected Nile tilapia growth at a concentration higher than 1. 0 g/kg diet. These results are in concomitant with Fagbenro and Arowosoge (1991), Moreau et al. (2003), and Ulloa and Verreth (2003) who found adverse effects of coffee-containing diets on fish growth. Similarly, Chatzifotis et al. (2008) reported that sea sea freshwater bream, Sparus aurata did not accept the caffeine-containing diet at a 10 g/kg dose but at doses at or lower to 5 g/kg caffeine appeared not to have a deterrent effect.They also stated that the negative effect of caffeine on sea bream growth can be traced in its increased FCR. Throughout the feeding period the fish in all experimental groups were in good health and dose-related mortalities were not observed, indicating that Nile tilapia can tolerate GRC levels (up to 5 g/kg diet) albeit with overturnd growth rate and increased feed conversion ratio. It is worth mentioning that 2 5 g GRC/kg diet caused a significant decre ase in feed consumption and a significant increase in FCR.These results suggested that GRC did influence the diet palatability, implying that the growth retardation at 2 5 g GRC/kg diet may be due to the low diet utilization. It has been inferred that caffeine in GRC, together with polyphenols and tannins can deter feed consumption in fish (Ulloa and Verreth, 2003) possibly because of its vinegarish taste usually perceived by animals (Mazzafera, 2002 Frank et al. , 2004). Furthermore, Kasumyan and Doving (2003) reported that caffeine inhibited the feeding doings of turbot, Psetta maxima.The proximate composition of whole-fish body was significantly affected by GRC inclusion (Table 3). However, protein content decreased, meanwhile lipids contents decreased by increasing GRC levels. These results disagree with Kobayashi-Hattori et al. (2005) who reported that caffeine induced lipolysis and thereby reduce the body fat mass and body fat percentage in SpragueDawley rats fed on a high fat diet. Chatzifotis et al. (2008) found that caffeine cannot reduce the lipid content of white muscle and colorful in heterotherm sea bream when reared in low winter temperatures.These changes in protein and lipid contents in fish body herein could be linked with changes in their synthesis and/or deposition rate in fish body (Abdel-Tawwab et al. , 2006). Glucose, serum protein, and serum lipids decreased significantly, meanwhile AST, ALT, and creatinine increased significantly in fish fed 5. 0 g GRC/kg diet. In this regard, Gagne et al. (2006) stated that in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, long-term scene to caffeine could lead to lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, caffeine is an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase in the mantle tissue of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Serrano et al., 1995) and of lactate dehydrogenase in the muscle of rabbit (Gardiner and Whiteley, 1985).The increase in AST and ALT activities is an indicative to liver dysfunction and the increase in creati nine is an indicative to kidney dysfunction. These results suggest that GRC may contain compounds that caused some kind of stress on fish affect these biochemical variables. Corradetti et al. (1986) found a chronic-caffeine effect on rats. These results indicate that GRC supplement is not a promise growth stimulant for Nile tilapia and in some cases GRC should not exceed 1. 0%.Further die is needed to explore the role of GRC in enhancing antioxidant activity and/or the anti-toxicity effect against water pollutants Acknowledgment The generator would like to thank Mohamed N. Monier and Nahla E. M. 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